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'<p>
咖啡的葉對生,一般是兩列平展,個別單葉輪生,葉柄短,葉片革質,綠色(上表面暗綠色,下表面淡綠色).有光澤橢圓形,橢圓形至長橢圓形.小粒種咖啡葉片大小比較均勻,葉片小而末端比較尖長,葉緣波浪明顯,長約12~16釐米,寬約5~7釐米.中粒種的葉片長而大,質較軟而薄,有明顯波紋,長約20~24釐米,寬約8~10釐米.大粒種葉片革質,硬厚,端尖,葉緣近無波紋,長約17~20釐米,寬約6~8釐米.咖啡樹的葉片呈典型的腹背對稱.葉內含有單寧,澱粉粒及草酸鈣.</p>
<p>
花數朵至數十朵叢生於葉腋間,每月2~5朵着生在一個花軸上,花梗短,花白色,中/小粒種花瓣一般爲5片,大粒種的7~8片,花瓣基部連接成管狀,形成高腳蝶狀花冠,雄蕊一般與花瓣同數,着生在花冠咽喉部.花葯兩室着生在花絲的頂端,兩都構成"丁"字狀,雌蕊花柱長絲狀,柱頭兩裂,子房下位,通常兩室,也有一室或三室的.每室中央胎座上有一個倒生胚珠,珠柄甚短,蟲媒花,大粒種和小粒種能自花授粉,中粒種多爲異花授粉.</p>
<p>
1.花芽發育特性</p>
<p>
花芽的發育:咖啡花芽的形成與品種及環境條件有密切的關係,法朗哥(Franco)最先指出,並經皮林格(Piringer)等人證實:咖啡(除常年開花型突變外)是一處短日照植物.在日照超過13小時中夜間使作人工光照的情況下,植株只有營養生長,麥斯(Mes)發現:溫度能影響咖啡抽芽.晝溫23攝氏度,夜溫17攝氏度時,植株抽生的花芽比晝溫26攝氏度,夜溫20攝氏度抽生的花芽多,晝夜30攝氏度,夜溫22攝氏度時,花芽發育不良.中粒種咖啡在陽光充足下,其一年生枝的腋芽大多數不發育,或僅少量花芽發育,並開花結果.</p>
<p>
同種咖啡不同時期萌生的腋芽發育成花,所需時間長短不同,如中粒種咖啡,5月以前抽生的腋芽發育成花,需要時間最長(約6~8個月),5~10月份萌芽生的腋芽需時間中等(約4~5個月),10~11月份形成的腋芽從開始發育至開花,需要時間最短(3~4個月).</p>
<p>
2.開花特性</p>
<p>
2.1咖啡具有多次開花現象及花期現象及花期集中的特性,咖啡的花芽爲復芽,每個葉腋有花芽2~6個,同時一葉腋芽(或不同株花芽)的發芽不一致,有先有後,形成多次開花現象,但每年開花都有相對的集中期,即盛花期,咖啡的花期因種類及環境條件不同而異,小粒種咖啡在海南島的花期爲11~4月,盛花期2~4月;在雲南(德宏傣族景頗族自治州)花期2~7月,盛花期3~5月;在廣西,花期2~6月,盛花期4~6月.</p>
<p>
2.2咖啡的開花受氣候,特別是雨量和氣溫的影響較大,花芽發育至花蕾分立/開花都需要一定水分,才能正常開花.高溫乾旱,小粒種咖啡花蕾發育正常,形成"星狀花"/"瓜狀花".過度乾旱,咖啡花蕾細小,不開花或開花後不稔實.氣溫低於10攝氏度時花蕾不開放,氣溫13攝氏度以上纔有利於開花.</p>
<p>
2.3咖啡花壽命短,只有2~3天的時間,小粒種咖啡的花,一般在清晨3~5時初開,5~7時盛開,雄蕊花葯在盛開前即散出少量花粉,到9~10時左右,花粉囊全裂,散出大量花粉.中粒種的花粉比小粒種多.不同種咖啡花柱與雄蕊成熟遲早不一,小粒種咖啡柱頭成熟較雄蕊早.柱頭授粉能力以開花當天及第二天最強,其後逐漸喪失其授粉能力,花瓣很快乾枯凋謝.開花期若遇乾旱/吹風或寒流,花柱易受害乾枯,若連續下雨,花冠易腐爛,都影響授粉/稔實及產量.</p>
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'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-7yuezixun.html',
'total' => 1,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
) |
urlrule |
'/views-9018-[page].html' |
fix_html_now_url |
'' |
my_web_url |
'https://0ca23f5c-ed06-482b-90de-8de4dcb2d112.gafei.com/views-9018' |
get |
array (
's' => 'article',
'c' => 'show',
'id' => '9018',
'm' => 'index',
) |