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'<img alt="" src="/uploads/allimg/190218/14-1Z21Q51505318.jpg" /><br />
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<div>
<h2 style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 28px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(80, 193, 233); font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 30px; font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3", "Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro", メイリオ, Meiryo, "ＭＳ Ｐゴシック", sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; width: auto;">
<span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 16px;"><font style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">專業咖啡知識交流 更多咖啡豆資訊 請關注咖啡工房（微信公衆號cafe_style ）</font></span></h2>
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<div>
當<a href="https://www.gafei.com/natie/20180513117432.html">咖啡</a>跟牛奶混合時，拿卡布奇諾爲例，一整杯可能有三分之二的比例都是牛奶，你必須要花一樣多心力關注咖啡跟牛奶的品質。</div>
<div>
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<div>
作者使用數種不同類型的牛奶，但在此並不討論豆奶vs杏仁奶、全脂vs低脂的差異，雖然這些也很重要，但本文着重於探討牛奶的處理程序：生乳、加熱殺菌、<a href="https://www.gafei.com/natie/20180513117432.html">高溫處理</a>等…，讓我們來了解其差異，以及他們會如何呈現卡布奇諾的風味。</div>
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<div>
牛奶主要的處理法</div>
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這邊要先討論一些技術性議題。</div>
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<div>
加工程度最低、人們可取得的最新鮮牛奶就是「生乳」，這是未經高溫殺菌以及均質處理的牛奶。詳細一點說明則爲：</div>
<div>
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<div>
殺菌：生乳沒有被快速加熱並冷卻，以達到殺死細菌的目的。</div>
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均質：生乳的脂肪分子未被分解，以防止牛奶在表面形成奶油層。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
由於生乳沒有經過高溫殺菌的過程，因此一直都有爭議。美國食品和藥物管理局有強烈警告消費者不要飲用生乳。相比之下，很多法國的乳酪都使用生乳製作，而英國食品標準局則認爲，只要生乳有經過妥當的衛生管控，則適合非敏感族羣飲用。批評生乳的人指出飲用生乳可能造成食物中毒，而支持生乳的人則表示生乳更美味且更健康（即使健康的議題並無相關研究佐證）。</div>
<div>
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<div>
你也可以購買高溫殺菌但未均質處理的牛奶，以及更少見的未高溫殺菌的均質牛奶。然而，一般可買到的牛奶都有高溫殺菌且均質處理。</div>
<div>
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<div>
高溫殺菌有很多種形式，其中最常見的兩種是「高溫短時間殺菌法HTST」、「超高溫瞬間殺菌法UHT」。根據國際乳製品協會的說明，HTST的牛奶會以70-75 oC加熱15秒，仍需要冷藏保存；超高溫瞬間殺菌法UHT的牛奶以120-130 oC加熱2秒。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
（讀者補充，另外有還有兩種處理方式：低溫長時間殺菌法(LTLT)：62~65 oC，加熱30分鐘。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.gafei.com/natie/20180513117432.html">超高溫滅菌法</a>（UHT-sterilization）也可稱保久乳：135~150 oC，加熱2~5秒。）</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.gafei.com/natie/20180513117432.html"> 高溫殺菌但未均質</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
要記得牛奶有很多種高溫殺菌的處理方式，這邊使用的是63oC加熱15秒的牛奶。從冷的時候喝，可以喝到極高甜度但較稀薄的口感；蒸打後會增加些微圓潤口感，而甜度則能維持跟冷的時候一樣。然而製作成卡布奇諾時，會加強咖啡的苦味，讓整體有過度焦糖化的感受。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
所以作者進行了第二種實驗：使用手衝咖啡焙度的豆子來煮濃縮，並嘗試單喝濃縮與加入牛奶的兩杯風味。當純喝濃縮咖啡時，喝起來會很酸；加入牛奶後則會放大咖啡的水果風味並增加整體甜度。對作者來說，這種牛奶很適合搭配製作有水果風味的卡布奇諾（淺焙豆）。</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.gafei.com/natie/20180513117432.html"> UHT 超高溫法</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
這種牛奶直接喝有綿長且奶油般的餘韻，但甜度會過高，喝起來很像罐頭。蒸打後表面平滑且呈鮮奶油狀，但沒有奶泡。製作成卡布奇諾後，依然沒有任何奶泡，而風味則變苦也較平淡。</div>
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'list_description' => '精品咖啡學，半世紀以來，全球精品咖啡的三大波演化，包括第一波的“咖啡速食化”、第二波的“咖啡精品化”以及第三波的“咖啡美學化”，並記述美國“第三波”的三大美學咖啡館與“第二波”龍頭星巴克爾虞我詐的殊死戰。精品咖啡是一個專有名詞，有着嚴格的定義。不同產區的地理環境、氣候特徵和種植傳統所形成的“地域特色',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '1959',
'namerule' => '{typedir}/{Y}{M}{D}{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '4',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '102',
1 => '656',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-jingpinkafeixue.html',
'total' => 34,
'field' =>
array (
),
) |
| markid |
'module-article-102' |
| related |
array (
656 =>
array (
'id' => '656',
'pid' => '102',
'pids' => '0,4,102',
'name' => '咖啡杯測',
'dirname' => 'jingpinkafeixue',
'pdirname' => 'kafeizhishi/jingpinkafeixue/',
'child' => 0,
'childids' => 656,
'thumb' => '',
'show' => '1',
'setting' =>
array (
'edit' => 1,
'disabled' => 0,
'getchild' => 1,
'linkurl' => '',
'urlrule' => 3,
'seo' =>
array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '34',
'namerule' => '{typedir}/{Y}{M}{D}{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '4',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '656',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-jingpinkafeixue.html',
'total' => 34,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
) |
| urlrule |
'/views-129943-[page].html' |
| fix_html_now_url |
'' |
| my_web_url |
'https://1lo.gafei.com/views-129943' |
| get |
array (
's' => 'article',
'c' => 'show',
'id' => '129943',
'm' => 'index',
) |
